Defining Historiography Essay Example for Free

Defining Historiography Essay

Effect of Different Lights and Miracle Grow on Plants

Effect of Different Lights and Miracle Grow on PlantsResearch QuestionTo what extent does different lights and miracle grow have on the effect of the grow of forsythia? Background InformationForsythia atomic number 18 deciduous shrubs that ar closelyly native to eastern Asia. The Forsythia set up got its name from William Forsyth, a Scottish botanist. Leaves on Forsythia be opposite of one other and atomic number 18 preferably simple looking. The plant is known for being a tough and reliable garden plant. Low hanging boughs often take root. It is suggested that cuttings be taken from November to February(University).P benchyma cells, in like manner called ground or fundamental tissue, are mostly unspecialized cells, with thin and flexible primary walls. Most all parenchyma cells lack a second wall. These unspecialized cells carry out most of a plants metabolic functions. Photosynthesis occurs within the parenchyma cells of plant leaves. Parenchyma cells make up the mesophyll and cortex of plant leaves and the pith of stems and grow of plants. The mesophyll of a leaf is the internal layers, while the cortex is the outside layers of a leaf. The pith of stems or root is the most internal layer. Many plant cells that are developing, are originally parenchyma cells. They then started to develop into their specialized coordinate or function.Collenchyma cells have unevenly thickened primary walls. However, there advise be more or less secondary thickening. They provide support to the parts of the plant that are still growing and developing, particularly the three-year-old and not yet mature parts of a plant shoot and their leaves. The cell walls of collenchyma cells are composed of cellulose and pectin. Botanists tend to group collenchyma cells into four groups angular, annular, tangential, and lacunar. Angular collenchyma cells are the most common type and their cell corners are thickened more heavily. Annular collenchyma cells have evenly thickened cel l walls throughout. Tangential collenchyma cells have thicker cell walls only when they are parallel to the surface of the structure where they are present. Lacunar collenchyma cells contain thickening around the cell walls facing the inter spaces. Collenchyma cells are flexible and have the ability to elongate, in order to support the leaves and stems(Arrington).Sclerenchyma cells are specialized cells for support. These cells have secondary walls hardened with lignin. Lignin is a complex organic compound that makes plants rigid and woody. When sclerenchyma cells are fully mature, they are dead. There are cardinal types of sclerenchyma cells fibers and sclereids. Fibers are elongated sclerenchyma cells and they unremarkably occur in groups. They are found in most all aspects of the plant body, including the stem, roots, and vascular bundles in the leaves. Sclereids are on an irregular basis shaped sclerenchyma cells. They have very thick and lignified secondary walls. They are fo und in different tissues of the plant such as periderm, cortex, pith, xylem, and phloem.Monocotyledons, or monocots, are florescence plants that have only one cotyledon. Cotyledon is an embryonic leaf, or a seed leaf. Monocots have veins that are usually parallel. Their vascular bundles are usually coherent in complex ways. Their stem is usually unbranched and fleshy. The root corpses of monocots are fibrous. They have floral parts that usually come in multiples of threes. The leaves of monocots are usually thin because the endosperm to feed the new plant is not on the inside the seed leaf(refer to printed off charts).Dicotyledons, or dicots, are flowering plants that have two cotyledons. The veins on their leaves are usually netlike. Their vascular bundles are usually arranged in a ring shape. Dicots typically have a tough stem. Their root corpse is a taproot, with smaller roots growing from it. The floral parts usually come in multiples of four or five(refer to printed off ch arts).Plants in like manner have meristems. Meristems are tissue in plants that contain undifferentiated cells, or meristematic cells. Meristematic cells are capable of continuous division, since they grow into a specialized structure later on. There are two types of meristems apical meristems and lateral meristems. Apical meristems are located near the tips of roots and shoots and are responsible for primary appendage, or growing in length. lateral meristems are elongated and located in the shoots and in the roots. They are responsible for secondary growth, which is adding girth and strength to the roots and shoots.A stem is an alternating system of clients. Nodes are the points on a stem in which leaves, branches, or roots grow. The stem segments in between nodes are called internodes. The number of leaves that grow from a node can help determine of what species a plant is. Each plant has many nodes.The morphology of plants reflect their evolutionary history as terrestrial or ganisms that mustiness simultaneously inhabit and draw resources from two different sources soil and air. The soil contains body of water and oxygen. The oxygen in soil is found in air pockets and it gives the plant the ability to break round sugars and release energy to allow the plant to live and grow. The water helps nourish the plants and helps it live and grow. The air(including sunlight), provides atomic number 6 dioxide for the plants. The air allows the plant to go on and photosynthesize, to make food.A cross section of a leaf allows one to view the three tissue systems of a leaf dermal, ground, and vascular. The dermal tissue includes the stop number epidermis, the lower epidermis, and the stomata, or guard cells. The ground tissue is the mesophyll, which contains the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma. These parenchyma cells are equipped with chloroplasts and they are specialized for photosynthesis. The vascular tissue contains the xylem and phloem, which are the plants veins. The theme of the vascular tissue acts as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf.Dermal tissue, or the epidermis, is a single layer of tightly compacted cells that cover and protects all young parts of the plant, best known as the skin of the plant. Ground tissue is neither vascular nor dermal. Ground tissue has many functions such as photosynthesis, storage, and support. vascular tissue continues throughout the plant and is involved in transport of materials between roots and shoots. The veins of plants, which are the xylem and phloem, are within the vascular tissue. The xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upwards from roots into shoots. The phloem transport food made in mature leaves to the roots and nonphotosynthetic part of the shoot.The epidermis of leaves and other photosynthetic organs pores are stomata, which supports photosynthesis by allowing the supervene upon of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the outside air and leafs interior. Stomata is the main avenue for water to exit leaves through evaporation. Stomata changes the shapes of the cell that border, stoma can close pores to minimize water loss in hot, dry conditions.Transport in plants occurs on three levels (1) the uptake and loss of water and solutes, absorption of water and minerals from the soil by cells of roots (2) short-distance transport of substance from cell to cell at the level of tissue and organs, loading sugar from photosynthetic cells into sieve tubes of phloem (3) long-distance transport of sap within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant. The start of transport in a whole plant starts when roots absorbs water and dissolved minerals from soils. The water and minerals are transported upward from roots to shoots as xylem sap. Transpiration occurs, the loss of the water from the leaves through stomata pulls up the xylem sap. The gas exchange occurs in the stomata, exchanging carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and expelling oxygen. Sugars is produced in the leaves by photosynthesis, then the sugar is transported as phloem sap to roots and other parts of plant. Ending back where roots exchange gases with the air spaces of soil pickings in oxygen and leaving carbon dioxide, the gas exchange supports the breakdown of sugar, cellular respiration in the root cells. surmiseThe aim of the experiment was not only on rooting, but how it occurs by looking into the transpiration. As previously discussed, the plants with the most Miracle Gro quickly died. The roots of said plants were quite black and their leaves were droopy. However, the control, or the Forsythia with 60 mL of water, was the tallest and strongest. In addition, the control plant provided a clearer example of lateral rooting. From this experiment, it is notable that Miracle Gro may be helpful for taller plants with enquire of a push to grow. In the case of our Forsythia, the plants with less, or no Miracle Gro at all, were the healthiest.The stomata count lab gave us a clearer understanding of the movement of water in and out of the plant. From this lab, connected this idea to the previous lab Every time I came back to class, and observed our plants, we noticed less water in from each one tube. The plants with less Miracle Gro had less water, thus, more homeostasis. The plants with the most Miracle Gro seemed to have let water out, but let the salt and solutions in. Thus, there was little to no homeostasis.Table 1 VariablesTypeDescriptionReasonUseIndependentThe independent shiftings are variables that can be changes to test the dependent variables.To test whether miracle growth changes the rate of growth and transpiration on a plant.Using light and miracle growth as the dependent variables it can neutered to different lighting and different amounts.DependentThe dependent variable is the variable that is being tested and relies on the independent variable to have changed.The dependent variable is the reason for the whole experimen t. The hypothesis is centered around exam the dependent variable.The dependent variables would be water and the plant itself because those are the only variables that arent altered and that depend on the independent variablesControlThe variable that is not altered at all, the variable stays the alike to see whether the dependent variable has changed.Is the variable to tell whether the independent variables has changed the dependent variables.The plant that will stay the same which is some of the forsythia.Materials24 large test tubesFour test tube holdersDeionized waterMiracle Gro ( 5ml, 10ml)Two micropipettes24 branches of ForsythiaMicroscopeClear nail polishBlue tingeGraphing PaperProcedure Lab 1For the first lab, decided to use six tubes, with one Forsythia in each, for our results to have more validity. Each tube had 60 mL of water. However, the control tube was the only one that solely contained water. The other five tubes also contained water, but a specific number of Mirac le Gro, in mL, was place in each tube. For example, the second tube contained 55 mL of water and 5 mL of a water/Miracle Gro solution, the third tube contained 50 mL of water and 10 mL of water/Miracle Gro solution, etc. The aim of the lab was to determine the effectiveness of a stimulant in plant cell note and cloning. The lab lasted an estimate of three weeks. We measured the plants to have the same amount of stomata dipped in water. The number of stomata dipped in water were four on each branch. Every Forsythia branch weighed 6 grams. In addition, we tried to use Forsythia with 15-17 leaves to be as accurate as possible.Procedure 2By taking one of the leaves from one of the Forsythia used in the previous lab, our group aimed to count the number of stomata in a leaf to investigate more on the transpiration. I placed clear nail polish on the leaf. After the nail polished dried, I carefully removed the nail polish layer, as it contained most of the stomata. The role of the nail po lish was to stick onto the leaf, thus, the stomata to stick on the layer. Then traced the leaf using graphing paper to cut a specific centimeter square. Lastly, placing a blue dye on the square, and placed it under the microscope. After counting the number of stomata in that square, we had to multiply that to the total number of squares that were inside of the leaf from the graphing paper. The final examination amount was around 5,000 stomata.Data CollectedEach day I went back and water the plants with the same amount of water. I also so pay attention to root growth and the leaves. When the roots finally started to grow I begun to measure the root growth of each plant remembering to write down my data. It was too much for me to put the root growth of every one of the twenty-four plants, so i averaged the growth according to which variables it was. Being that they are in the same variable group that they are giving the same amount of miracle growth.Table 2 Miracle growth in forsyth iaType calendar week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4 Growth of roots (inches)Dependent5 mL10 mL5 mL10 mL5 mL10 mL5 mL10 mL.75 inches.25 inches1 inches.5 inches2.3 inches.9 inches2.8 inches1.2 inchesControl1.5 inches2.8 inches3.4 inches5 inchesEvaluationThe lab investigating was limited in some ways. First, being that there was low ecological validity in the investigation since the experiment was done inside and not outside. Second, miracle growth isnt a substance that is naturally outside that can be tested. Third, the forsythias was clippings that was from an uprooted plant, as to measure the root growth, which couldnt be done if the experiment had high ecological validity.The valued data collected is enough to support my conclusion of miracle growth affects the root growth of forsythia also that miracle growth mixtures slowly kills the forsythia clippings. The data also shows that miracle growth mixtures also controls the increase stomata and transpiration of the forsythia clippings.Conclus ionThe goal of my experiment was to determine whether my hypothesis that miracle growth concentrations would not only help in root growth but also kill the plant also growing the stomata count and transpiration of the forsythia clipping. The experiment was done by comparing different concentrations of miracle growth and water to a controlled forsythia group. The experiment some supported the hypothesis in the portion that concerns root and stomatal growth, not so in the killing of forsythia being as I didnt start ahead of time and didnt have time to determine whether the forsythia will die. The goal of the experiment was reach in a way that it could be seen that the strengths and limitations.Works CitedBBC Gardening Plant sentry Forsythia. BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/3306.shtml. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.Easy Biology Class. Easybiologyclass, www.easybiologyclass.com/collenchyma-cells-in-plants-structure-classification-and-functions-with-ppt /. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. Parenchyma. Encyclopdia Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/parenchyma-plant-tissue. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. Sclerenchyma. Encyclopdia Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/sclerenchyma. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.Wise, Nicole. The Science Behind Holganix Monocots vs Dicots What You Need To Know. HOLGANIX The inbred Green Solutio, www.holganix.com/blog/bid/59573/The-Science-Behind-Holganix-Monocots-vs-Dicots-What-You-Need-To-Know. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.Wise, Nicole. The Science Behind Holganix Monocots vs Dicots What You Need To Know. HOLGANIX The Natural Green Solutio, www.holganix.com/blog/bid/59573/The-Science-Behind-Holganix-Monocots-vs-Dicots-What-You-Need-To-Know. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.

Relationship Between Political Socialization And Political Culture Sociology Essay

Relationship Between Political Socialization And Political Culture Sociology EssayThis paper has sought to identify the descent in the midst of governmental sociableization and political culture. We have succeeded in establishing that the way a kid is amicableized, and the environment definitely impacts on his political culture. It is a wide cognise and accepted fact that man is a social creature and his identity and culture be formed in the society from which he dilates and most each(prenominal) of his activities and functions are directed through and through the society there are few human activities which are not affected by community.Topic Define the concepts political culture and political socializing. How would political scientists describe the connection between political socialization and political culture?The term Political Culture means the places, feelings, ideas, and value that commonwealth have about politics, government, and their own intent, and more gene rally about authority in all its various forms (Munroe, 1985). Political culture has further been referred to as the beliefs, habits, behavioural patterns, values and overall distinguishing attributes that make up and characterize a political community. A political culture is the way in which the one-on-ones within the social setting view their political carcass, the way in which they perceive it to function and the level of acceptance that pervades as a result.The political culture of a people is more than just their collective opinions, it is the way in which they choose to live as a result of their political beliefs, and it is the measure of what they are willing to accept, it guides they general thinking of a people (politically) and is somewhat steady in nature i.e. the beliefs of the parents would more than likely be passed on to their offspring.Though the culture may be the same within in a society this does not in any way mean that the people would agree on the same issues or that what may be important to one individual would be important to another, it simply means that the way in which they choose to approach and deal with these issues would be in essence quite similar. Political culture usually means that they people have basically the same level of awareness of their flops, obligations and expectations as citizens. single must bear in mind also that Political culture varies from one rural to another simply because the beliefs, feelings, attitudes and values of people vary. For example the political culture of Grenada would be different from that of America or Japan for instance, just as it would vary between those two. One cannot understand the politics of a country without first looking at its political culture (Munroe, 1985).Political Socialization on the other hand is termed as the extremity whereby society develops attitudes and feelings towards politics in each of its members (Munroe, 1985). This basically means that political socializati on is the process by which political culture is developed and maintained. It is what is taught to the people through their interactions with one another, through the media and through observation. Whereas Political culture deals with the collective, political socialization deals with the individual, it focusses on the upbringing of and interactions of the individual that result in the adherence to and acceptance of the political culture.Those groups and institutions which contribute to the process of political socialization are known as the agents of socialization. These sources affect the development of political values and attitudes differently, but they all contribute to the individuals understanding of and orientations toward politics. The primary agents of socialization are those that directly develop specific political orientations such as the family. Whereas, the secondary agents of socialization tend to be less soulal and involved in the process of socialization in a more i ndirect manner such as the media (Wake Forest University, 2006).Political socialization has two distinguishing levels these are primary and secondary. primary coil socialization takes place through relationships with others, this is usually mostly informal relationships like peer groups, family members, social groups, etc. This form of influence is most often imperceptible the persons are usually unaware that they are being conditioned to think a certain way about their political system, situation and or standing. Individuals develop a basic attitude toward authority and power through this form of socialization and as a result this is what is emanated further in their political views and attitude towards politics.The secondary level of political socialization is more formal in nature and is found mostly in the wider social network. These range from schools, churches, media, political parties, social groups, etc. The way in which a person reacts to and interacts with their political system is heavily influences by what they hear and observe from others within their society. For example, depending on the religious beliefs of an individual their political views will be affected as such, depending on the influence of their instructors in school they will be affected, the influence of the media is a major cipher in the ways an individual views the social system he operates in and so is the case for social groups and the policies and views pushed forth by political parties.Another major factor in political socialization is social status/standing this has a major influence on the way in which a person would choose to deal with social issues, and the way in which they would try to influence policy. Demographics also play an important part in the way people move to politics as their different situations are affects differently by their political system. A persons race, gender, age, economic standing, country and education would have a significant effect on what the y view as important to them and what they would like to be done for them through their political system.By looking at two these concepts we can see how they are directly intertwined and co-dependent on each other. Without political culture there would be no political socialization and without political socialization there would be no political culture. They work hand-in-hand to develop a political system in which everyone accepts the basic underworking of the way in which the political mold runs.Political Socialization forms political culture and political culture influences political socialization. Political socialization is part of the continuous process of social order which is amenable for teaching certain political behaviours to the new members of a society in order to make them think in keeping with the changing political system they are living in (Almond Verba, 1963). It appears that every society may succeed in maintaining its political culture through the process of po litical socialization because by accessing cultural transfer channels of the society, the means to improving those set of values that contribute to the political stability and solidity of a society may be obtained (Verba, Schlozman, Brady, 1995).Through political socialization, an individual will take on a particular political personality which leads the individual to accepting a certain role in the framework of the political system. Accordingly, people knowingly adopt a certain status and position in the political structure of the society a process which is completed by the family, school, mass media, government, political societies, parties, state organizations, local agencies, occupations, etc. (Ulzurrun, 2002).As Almond and Verba view it, political socialization is the process of maintaining or changing political cultures. Through political socialization people enter political culture and their orientations toward political objectives are formed (Almond Verba, 1963).This paper has sought to identify the relationship between political socialization and political culture. We have succeeded in establishing that the way a child is socialized, and the environment definitely impacts on his political culture. It is a widely known and accepted fact that man is a social creature and his identity and culture are formed in the society from which he develops and almost all of his activities and functions are directed through the society there are few human activities which are not affected by community.Therefore, society is authoritative for human beings because it is associated with their survival. In this regard, family plays the most important role in spreading socialization. The type relationship formed in family influences the early stages of childrens life and validation of their personality and thereby prepares them to abide by social norms and rules and to have a successful and effective presence in society.Parents are the first models for a child whose ma nner of treating others, conduct, culture, politics, norms and values are all formed in family environment. If a family fails to play its role in this respect, socialization will be impaired right from the start. To sum, one of the most important and effective factors influencing political culture is socializing different political subjects in families.

Medieval Renaissance Middle Ages

medieval Renaissance heart and soul AgesThere are mevery differences in the sentiments and values surrounded by the Renaissance and the nerve center Ages. The Middle Ages was a time of great suffering, including famine and widespread disease. The Renaissance, however, was a revival of art, learning, and lit dateture. Their views of the purpose of life in the present field and mans place in the cosmos were, perhaps, the great contrast. However, their views on politics, religion, and education were very different as well.The purpose of life and mans place in the world was viewed differently during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, also know as The Age of Faith, mans purpose was to serve God. Looking upon life as a journey is prevalent during this era. The focus of life was on the afterlife, primarily because in that respect were no guarantees in the present life. The life of highest value was the contemplative life, one devoted to God. The passive virt ues such as compassion, suffering, and humility were highly regarded. God was the perfume of mans world during the Middle Ages. On the Great Chain of Being, man was below God and the angels and above the animals, plants, and inanimate objects.It is amazing how aspects of society can and will interchange so significantly over the course of a few hundred years. Between the times of the Medieval era and the Renaissance, one can note numerous significant changes, mainly those pertaining to religion and art, and specifically, drama. In Medieval times, people seemed to rely mainly on the church and God for their entertainment purposes whereas during the Renaissance, the focus was more sacrilegious humans and life on earth. In general, ideals and wedge heeljects evolved from unquestionable Church dogma (and thusly very safe subject matter) to ideas that focused on the questions of manhood (and in that respectfore creating an unstable and unsettling universe.) The evolution from the M edieval dogma to the human-centred focus of the Renaissance is apparent through the dramatic texts of the time. Although these two eras differ in many separate ways, the nearly illustrated differences deal with the realm of drama, starting with the Medieval Cycle dramas and culminating in Shakespeares King Lear.Drama noticeably shifted from religious awe to classical reason between the Medieval era and the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, drama aimed mainly at making advancements in the church. Thus, the Cycle Dramas or side Passion Plays performed with the permission and help of the church. The belief is that the church clergy probably wrote the short stories or playlets and then gave them to the Guilds for their performance in theaters. Although the appearance of the Cycle Dramas seems unimaginative and commonplace at a first glance, there are some striking innovations in terms of furthering a dramatic structure. This is the first time we see the use of a double plot in whic h the honored and revered story is compared to a similar situation but of a base (and most times, immoral) story. A perfect example of this is in The instant Shepards Play where Mak and Maks wife, Gill, imitate the glorious scene of Christs birth in the manger by putting the stolen lamb in a basket and pretending it is a baby. Almost every Cycle Drama has a similar structure, and the dramas that came after the Cycle Dramas continue to use this structure. We can see the double plot/sub plot structure becoming more and more significant and taking on more importance in plays such as Gorboduc, The Spanish Tragedy, most of Shakespeares works, and ultimately in King Lear.As the Medieval era ends and the Renaissance emerges we also see a shift in the attitude towards evil. Through the texts of the English Passion Plays we can see that the attitude is playful and comic when the subject matter is the Devil or something equally as wicked. The possibility of questioning religion, faith, and humanity has not yet entered the picture. As soon as the possibility emerges, the safe and secure world of absolutes is violently thrashed. We see the possibilities emerge in Everyman when Death comes before Everyman has a chance to redeem himself. We see it again with more force in Gorboduc when the King cannot restore his kingdom from his sons. Another great example is in Marlowes The Tragedy of Doctor Faustus where Faustus has the opportunity to redeem himself, but does not, and evil conquers all. We see the culmination of the destroyed safety of the Medieval world in Shakespeares plays including Hamlet, Macbeth, Richard III, and King Lear. Shakespeare in particular dominates this subject matter because of historic events in his lifetime. Because of political strife between the Catholics and Protestants, and to avoid conflict, Queen Elizabeth forbid the subject matter of religion to enter into any play, and thus Shakespeare very craftily described worlds in his plays that relat ed to religion, but had none as specific as Christianity. With these circumstances he was able to at large(p) the door to a type of thought not used since the Greek age. In his play, King Lear, Shakespeare describes a world in which the gods are just, and of our pleasant guilt make instruments to plague us. In other words, the gods are just but cruel. And thus, dramatic focus had changed from the security of religious dogma in the Medieval era to a more humanistic, questioning and circumstantial view of the world in the Renaissance.The steadfast, secure world of the Medieval age was at an end.Then it all crashes worst and you break your crown..In King Lear, we see the evolution of thought from the Medieval to the Renaissance played out for us onstage. The safe, secure world of Britain we glimpse at the beginning (not unlike the Medieval world) is a hoax and King Lear is the largest proponent of it. Lear must go through the process of learning to see the truth of the world around him, a world that is full of questions and not so many answers-in other words, a Renaissance world.When King Lear gives up his kingdom to his daughters, he is quick to dismiss any truth not to his liking. He is convinced that the world is an absolute, that he has absolute power and that he will never lose it. He has no need to listen to anything but flattery. And it all goes downhill for King Lear because he gives his kingdom to his dishonest daughters Regan and Goneril who are willing to flatter through branched tongues. Lear, in a fit of rage, disowns his honest daughter Cordelia for telling him a plain truth. He loses everything, including his power, coin, family, and life.King Lears reign ends because of his foolishness and his corrupt daughters deceit. His once aright grip upon his kingdom is now nullified and hes just left with just a memory of his rule. People notwithstanding regarded him the king, however he has no money and no power. In Act IV, Scene 6, we see Lear dre ssed in wild berries and donning a crown made from weeds Lear has begun to see clearly and still believes himself to be a King, but, more realistically, a King of nothing.Lears life ends tragically without any kind of redemption of the Medieval sense. We can see that Shakespeare has completely unfastened up the curtain to reveal a shaky and unstable world where there is no God and possibly no gods either to remedy the situation. A Medieval audience would not have been able to handle this collapse of religious structure, but the Renaissance was ready for it.Perhaps the greatest and most clear way in which the Medieval and Renaissance time periods differ is found in the opposing premises of philosophy, which we see through, its dramas. Again, the theme of progression from religious-oriented thoughts in the Middle Ages to the secular ideals of the Renaissance is evident in texts from Everymans spiritual journey to Christian redemption, through Lears possibly godless universe. The ge neral view of people in the Middle Ages was that of putting faith in the church, with beliefs that there would be a reward in heaven for them at the end of their tired lives (Everyman). During the latter Renaissance, however, thoughts were more associated with financial backing life on earth rather than the afterlife in heaven. The consequences of King Lears actions appear before death and there is no resolution to say whether or not Lear is relieved of his burden through death. New confidence in human abilities and thought was developed in drama, and there were many more inquiries pertaining to acquisition and reason (Faustus), rather than religion as it was in the Middle Ages. Faustus is an interesting mix of a Renaissance man in a Medieval world and the collision that these two subjects make is astronomical. Also, philosophic developments during the Renaissance were made to be more practical and had more realistic applications to everyday life. The philosopher, Machiavelli, is an example of this, as he made attempts to find a balance between freedom and authority, something that was very useful in life and put no confidence in the church or God. He developed the idea that a corrupt society needs to find a strong leader(who is not necessarily moral) to govern so that the people can learn to be capable of self-government. This was a practical idea and applicable to everyday life although not necessarily a usual idea. He also developed the classic archetype of the Machiavel, which we see in almost every dramatic text from The Spanish Tragedy on.The ultimate changing theme as is evident in the dramatic literature during the progression from the Medieval to Renaissance eras was that of religious-based ideals to ideals that were humanistic and questioning in nature. People turned from putting all their faith in religion and the afterlife, and began focusing more specifically on problems concerning everyday life. As seen in the English Passion Plays and Everym an the focus of Medieval drama is specifically on biblical topics, especially redemption and the journey of a religious nature, whereas the texts of the Renaissance describe situations of governmental disputes, issues of pride, truthfulness, and many other humanistic attributes of life. The focus has clearly shifted from the religious to the secular.

Criminal and Delinquent Subcultures Essay -- Crime Juvenile Delinquenc

Criminal and Delinquent SubculturesCrime and delinquency subculture reflects on culture patterns surrounding crime and juvenile delinquency. It is created not only by individuals, but as one culture, the American culture. Subculture is derivative of, but different from some larger referential cultures. This term is used to partake in systems of norms, values, individual, groups and the cultural system itself. Criminal or broken-down subcultures indicate systems of norms, values, or interest that support criminal or delinquent behavior. Thats why umpteen juveniles are linked to the same criminal acts as youngsters. They tend to follow a pattern that is expected in their age group, like stealing. Young community experience their opportunity as being blocked out. They engage in collective actions and adapt pro crime values that reinforce their delinquency.In a book by Cloward and Lloyd they state that The youngster who is motivated by a sense of injustice generally commits his first act of deviance in a crime of uncertainty and fear of disapproval. This statement sounds like appreciation among delinquents is required to sustain satisfaction in their subcultures (p 161). In criminal subculture the young do drugs dealers selling drugs was a way to be somebody, to get a head in life and to acquire things like jewelry, clothing, and cars, the symbols of wealth, power and respect. All the things delinquents want at a young age. Crime becomes meaningful to young men and women when they interact with one another and when they participate in youth culture (Sullivan, 1989). Youth frenzy is considered to be a serious contemporary problem, yet many delinquents are treated as an adult if the crime is function as an adult act. I find this interesting because may delinquents share the same formality of values and norms that make up there culture. Every young male or distaff will have experienced some kind of influential crime. What one has done so will the other, thats ho w I put it. While delinquent subculture typically are associated with a broad range of illegal behaviors, among delinquent groups and subculture there is great difference in the nature and strength of group norms, values, and interests. ofttimes of theses behaviors of highly delinquent crimes are results from the act of group processes rather than group norms. Like gangs for instants, they give fairly littl... ...ncy and Opportunity A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. newly York reposition Press, 1960. p 161Chin, Ko-lin. Chinatown Gangs Extortion, Enterprise, and ethnicity. New York Oxford University Press. 1990Cohen, Albert K. Delinquent Boys The Culture of the Gang. New York Free Press, 1955Cressy, Donald R, and Ward A. David. Delinquent and Criminal Subcultures. In S. E. Kadish, ed., Encyclopedia of Crime and justice. New York Free Press, 1983.Durkeim, Emile. Suicide A Study in Sociology, 1897 p 45.Hawkins, Darnell F., Race, ethnicity, and serious juvenile Offenders. Thousand Oaks , Calif, Sage, 1998.Schwendinger, Herman, and Julia Siegel Schwendinger. Adolescent Subcultures and Delinquency. New York Prager. 1985Shaw and McKay, Social Disorganization, in Radzinowicz and Wolfgang Crime and Justice Vol.l, p. 415.Short, James F. Jr. The Level of Explanation Problem Revisited- The American Society of Criminology, 1998 p. 36Sullivan, Mercer L. Getting Paid Youth Crime and Work in privileged City. Ithaca, N.Y Cornell University Press 1989.Williams, Terry. The Cocaine Kids The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring. Menlo Park, Calif, Addison- Wesley 1989.

Characters in A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J.D. Salinger Essay

Characters in A Perfect sidereal day for Bananafish by J.D. Salinger The characters in Salinger?s ?A Perfect Day for Bananafish? attend to exist in opposite worlds. On one hand, Salinger creates Muriel to represent materialism and superficiality and on the other hand, he creates Sybil to provide justification of the child-like innocence rarely found in society. Salinger?s main character, Seymour, is aware of the superficiality expressed in Muriel?s world and chooses not to be apart of it. Seymour wants to be a part of the simple immaterial world that Sybil represents. Nevertheless, Seymour find himself trapped between two worlds unable to regain the one he desires. Therefore, Salinger bases ?A Perfect Day for Bananafish? on Seymour?s disillusionment with life and his inability to regain a child-like perception of the world. Salinger?s portrayals Seymour and his world are described below. Sybil is composed of all the characteristics Seymour is estimateking. She is young, sta rk and childlike and therefore not polluted by the materialism, mistrust and snobbery known to society. Furthermore, her actions suggest that she relates to Seymour because he seems to act like a child slightly similar to herself (for example Sybil feels secure around Seymour but feels insecure when sitting with her own mother). This would imply that Seymour does not appear abnormal to her because she, unlike most, she has the ability to see through his exterior and is not intimidated by what she has found. In the later part of the story she continually repeats the phase ?see more glass?(10) using the term ?glass? to describe her own unique ability to see through the transparency of superficial people (much like her own mother). What Seymour respects... ...g that was originally shaped to portray the image society would expect of a ?Lady? of her caliber. In turn, it does not seem to matter who Muriel is in Salingers?s story but what she represents. In conclusion, Seymour is similar to the bananafish as he swam his way up the drift of life ingesting the materialism and superficiality that past him on his journey. Half way up the stream he stopped pondered why he had even bothered in the first place. Now he cannot go back down the stream (to Sybil) against the on-line(prenominal) and cannot bear to continue (with Muriel). At this point Seymour is described as having ?banana fever? or becoming so engulfed in materialism. His only rational plectrum would be to stay in the banana hole and die. Work CitedSalinger, J.D. Nine Stories A Perfect Day for Bananafish. United States Little, Brown and Company Limited, 1991.

Statue Of Liberty :: essays research papers

I chose to write about the Statue of freedom. The Statue of Liberty serves as a symbolic fixture of the principles America was founded on. She represents freedom, liberty, and opportunity. The location of the Statue of Liberty is an amazing feat in itself, it is right in the middle of a very wide and a very deep Hudson river, and at the time it was brought there, with the curb technology, was amazing. Adding to the location, The State of Liberty as everyone knows is right next to the old customs ports where thousands of hungry, and poor immigrants fresh off the boat would pass through looking for a better life. The fact that Liberty is a woman is an ingenious idea because a woman tends to be more sympathetic and willing to befriend, if Liberty was a man the statue would seem more cold, stiff, and even militant. Throughout history statues have been built to represent a great moment but the Statue of Liberty was take a leak to symbolize a great idea and country. At that time in hi story people were flocking to America because they were either being persecuted in their home countries or they were just disappointed at the status of their lives and wanted to come to the land of opportunity to st maneuver a new life. This is a great symbol of art because The Statue of Liberty is magnificent in every way, and serves its purpose to a superb level. Like I mentioned previously, location, location, location .. the statues location was perfect back in the days of Ellis Island and is perfect now as a tourist site. Shortly after the immigrants on the boats first spotted the land of their new homes, they came into the Hudson river to see this dread statue, and to most people it wasnt just some lady who was standing in the middle of a river, it was the lady who was going to free them or help them from their inadequate lives.